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Compounds

Every compound we grade, with its best-supported outcomes. Each page shows grades per outcome, the doses used in studies, safety notes and every source.

All compounds

  • 5-HTP

    Safety flag
    Amino acid derivative (serotonin precursor)
    • C Focus and attention
    • C Memory and learning

  • Alpha-GPC

    Safety flag
    Cholinergic (choline-containing phospholipid metabolite)Skeletal structure of glycerophosphocholinePOOOHO−OOHN+
    • C Focus and attention
    • C Mental energy and fatigue

  • Apigenin

    Safety flag
    Flavonoid (flavone)
    • C Mood and stress
    • C Sleep

  • Artichoke extract

    Safety flag
    Botanical extract (leaf); contains caffeic acid derivatives and the flavonoids luteolin and apigenin
    • C Focus and attention
    • D Memory and learning

  • Ashwagandha

    Safety flag
    Herbal adaptogen (Withania somnifera root or root/leaf extract)Ashwagandha: withaferin A, a characteristic withanolide; the root extract is a mixtureOOHOOOOH
    • B Mood and stress
    • B Sleep
    Shown: Withaferin A

  • B vitamins (vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate)

    Safety flag
    Vitamins (B group)B vitamins (vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate): folic acid, folate shown; B6 and B12 are separate moleculesOHOOOHOONHNHNNHNNH2N
    • C Memory and learning
    • C Mood and stress
    Shown: Folic acid

  • Bacopa monnieri

    Herbal extract (Ayurvedic herb)Bacopa monnieri: bacoside A3, a major saponin of the extract; the herb is a mixtureOOHOOOOOHOOOHOOHOHOHOHOHHOOH
    • B Memory and learning
    • C Focus and attention
    Shown: Bacoside A3

  • Beetroot (dietary nitrate)

    Safety flag
    Dietary inorganic nitrate source (vegetable juice, concentrate or powder)Beetroot (dietary nitrate): nitrate ion, the active ion; beetroot juice is a foodO−O−ON+
    • B Physical and athletic performance
    Shown: Nitrate ion

  • Beta-alanine

    Nonessential amino acid (carnosine precursor)Skeletal structure of beta-alanineHOONH2
    • B Physical and athletic performance

  • Celastrus paniculatus

    Botanical (seed and seed oil of a climbing shrub, family Celastraceae)
    • D Memory and learning
    • D Mood and stress

  • Citicoline

    Safety flag
    Choline-containing nucleotide (precursor of the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylcholine)Skeletal structure of citicolinePPOHOHOOOOOOHOO−ONN+NNH2
    • C Focus and attention
    • C Memory and learning

  • Cocoa flavanols

    Safety flag
    Flavanols (a subclass of flavonoids)Cocoa flavanols: (-)-Epicatechin, the main cocoa flavanol; extracts are mixturesOOHOHHOOHOH
    • C Focus and attention
    • C Memory and learning
    Shown: (-)-Epicatechin

  • Coenzyme Q10

    Safety flag
    Endogenous quinone; mitochondrial electron carrier and antioxidant (nutritional supplement)
    • C Mental energy and fatigue
    • C Physical and athletic performance

  • Creatine

    Naturally occurring nutrientSkeletal structure of creatineHOONNH2NH
    • A Physical and athletic performance
    • C Focus and attention

  • GABA

    Safety flag
    Amino acid and inhibitory neurotransmitter (natural or fermentation-produced isolate)
    • C Focus and attention
    • C Mood and stress

  • Ginkgo biloba

    Safety flag
    Botanical (leaf extract containing flavonol glycosides and terpene lactones)Ginkgo biloba: ginkgolide B, a terpene lactone of the leaf extract; the extract is a mixtureOOOOOHOHOHOOO
    • N Focus and attention
    • N Memory and learning
    Shown: Ginkgolide B

  • Gotu kola

    Safety flag
    Herb (Apiaceae family); triterpene-containing botanical
    • C Memory and learning
    • C Mood and stress

  • Holy basil

    Safety flag
    Herb (Lamiaceae leaf and aerial parts); described in Health Canada's monograph as an adaptogen in herbal medicine
    • B Mood and stress
    • C Memory and learning

  • Huperzine A

    Safety flag
    Cholinergic (reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; plant alkaloid isolate)Skeletal structure of huperzine AONH2HN
    • C Focus and attention
    • C Memory and learning

  • L-theanine

    Non-protein amino acidSkeletal structure of L-TheanineOOHOHNH2N
    • B Focus and attention
    • B Physical and athletic performance

  • Lemon balm

    Botanical (leaf of Melissa officinalis; traditional herbal medicine and food flavoring)
    • C Focus and attention
    • C Memory and learning

  • Lion's mane mushroom

    Edible and medicinal mushroom (fungus)Lion's mane mushroom: erinacine A, a diterpenoid from the mycelium; the mushroom is a mixtureOOOHOHHOO
    • C Focus and attention
    • C Memory and learning
    Shown: Erinacine A

  • Melatonin

    Safety flag
    Hormone (pineal hormone)Skeletal structure of melatoninOONHHN
    • B Sleep

  • Mucuna pruriens

    Safety flag
    Legume seed containing levodopa (L-dopa)
    • C Mood and stress
    • D Focus and attention

  • NAD+ precursors (nicotinamide riboside and nicotinamide mononucleotide)

    Vitamin B3 forms; NAD+ precursors
    • C Mental energy and fatigue
    • C Sleep

  • Omega-3 (DHA and EPA)

    Safety flag
    Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acidsOmega-3 (DHA and EPA): docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), DHA shown; EPA is the other main omega-3HOO
    • C Memory and learning
    Shown: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

  • Panax ginseng

    Safety flag
    Herbal root (adaptogen in traditional use)Panax ginseng: ginsenoside Rg1, a major ginsenoside; the root is a mixtureOOHOOHOOOHHOOHHOOHHOHOOH
    • C Memory and learning
    • C Mental energy and fatigue
    Shown: Ginsenoside Rg1

  • Phosphatidylserine

    Phospholipid (membrane lipid)Phosphatidylserine: dioleoylphosphatidylserine, one species shown; natural sources vary in fatty-acid chainsPOOOOOOHOOHOONH2
    • C Memory and learning
    • C Mood and stress
    Shown: Dioleoylphosphatidylserine

  • PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone)

    Safety flag
    Redox cofactor (quinone compound); sold mainly as PQQ disodium salt
    • C Focus and attention
    • C Memory and learning

  • Rhodiola rosea

    Safety flag
    Herbal extract (root and rhizome), studied as an adaptogenRhodiola rosea: salidroside, a marker compound used to standardise extracts; the herb is a mixtureOOOHHOOHOHOH
    • B Physical and athletic performance
    • C Mental energy and fatigue
    Shown: Salidroside

  • Saffron

    Safety flag
    Spice and botanical extract (dried stigma of Crocus sativus)Saffron: crocetin, the carotenoid core of crocin; saffron is a mixtureOHHOOO
    • B Sleep
    • C Memory and learning
    Shown: Crocetin

  • Schisandra

    Safety flag
    Herbal extract (berry; lignan-containing; described as an adaptogen)
    • C Focus and attention
    • C Physical and athletic performance

  • Taurine

    Amino acid (sulfur-containing)
    • B Physical and athletic performance
    • C Focus and attention

  • Vitamin D

    Safety flag
    Fat-soluble vitamin
    • C Memory and learning
    • C Mood and stress